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Computer & Engineering Publishing Group    p r o f e s s i o n a l

 

 

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Multicast Networking and Applications

by: C. Kenneth Miller

ISBN: 0-201-30979-3

Contents

PREFACE xi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Multicast Applications 3
1.1.1 Real-Time Multimedia Applications 4
1.1.2 Real-Time (Streaming) Data Applications 5
1.1.3 Non-Real-Time Multimedia Applications 6
1.1.4 Non-Real-Time Data Applications 7
1.2 Organization and Target Audience 9

CHAPTER 2: LINK-LAYER MULTICAST VERSUS NETWORK-LAYER MULTICAST

2.1 Link-Layer Multicast 13
2.1.1 Frame Relay Multicast 13
2.1.2 Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) 15
2.1.3 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 15
2.1.4 Link-Layer Multicast Issues 15
2.2 Network-Layer Multicast (IP Multicast) 16

CHAPTER 3: MULTICAST IP

3.1 Multicast IP Addressing 22
3.1.1 Scoped Multicast Addresses 23
3.1.2 Binding to LAN MAC Addresses 25
3.1.3 Multicast Ipv6 26
3.1.4 Multicast Address Allocation 27
3.2 IGMP and Joining Multicast Groups 30
3.2.1 IGMPv1 30
3.2.2 IGMPv2 32
3.2.3 IGMPv3 32
3.3 Multicast Routing Protocols 34
3.3.1 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) 36
3.3.2 Protocol Independent Multicast--Dense Mode (PIM-DM) 38
3.3.3 Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) 39
3.3.4 Shared-Tree (Sparse-Mode) Multicast Routing Protocols 41
3.3.4.1 Protocol Independent Multicast--Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) 42
3.3.4.2 Core-Based Trees (CBT) 45
3.4 Interdomain Multicast Routing 46

CHAPTER 4: NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURES AND EASE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTICAST IP

4.1 LANs and Campus Networks 52
4.1.1 Shared LANs 52
4.1.2 LANs Segmented by Bridges 53
4.1.3 Switched LANs 54
4.1.4 Campus Networks 55
4.2 Wide Area Networks (WANs) 56
4.2.1 Frame Relay 56
4.2.2 X.25 59
4.2.3 Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) 60
4.2.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 61
4.2.5 Virtual Private Networking (VPN) 62
4.2.6 Two-Way Satellite (VSAT) 63
4.2.7 Hybrid One-Way Satellite Overlay to Land-Line Routed Networks 65
4.2.8 Future High-Speed Satellite Data Infrastructures 68
4.3 Coping with the “Last Mile" 70
4.3.1 High-Speed Permanent Links 71
4.3.2 Switched Links 72
4.4 Summary and Conclusions 73

CHAPTER 5: REPLICATION, MIRRORING, AND CACHING

5.1 Caching and Replication: What are they? 80
5.1.1 Network Caching Systems 80
5.1.1.1 The Web 81
5.1.1.2 Today's Network Caching Systems 83
5.1.1.3 Stale Content 86
5.1.1.4 "Flushing” Algorithms (The "Garbage Collection" Problem) 87
5.1.1.5 "Hit" Statistics 88
5.1.1.6 Security Issues 88
5.1.1.7 Copyright Issues 89
5.1.2 Commercial Network Proxy Cache Products 89
5.1.2.1 Treatment of Clusters 90
5.2 Replication/Mirroring 92
5.3 Summary and Conclusions 98

CHAPTER 6: "PUSH" APPLICATIONS ("WEBCASTING")

6.1 The Content Aggregator 102
6.1.1 PointCast 103
6.1.2 Other Content Aggregators 106
6.2 Platform Providers 107
6.3 Proposed "Push" Standards 108
6.3.1 Channel Definition Format (CDF) 109
6.3.2 Meta Content Framework (MCF) and Resource Description Format (RDF) 110
6.3.3 Open Software Description (OSD) 111
6.3.4 HTTP Distribution and Replication Protocol (DRP) 111
6.4 E-mail as "Push" Technology 112
6.5 The Future of "Push"? 112

CHAPTER 7: MULTIMEDIA STREAMING APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY

7.1 Business Case Studies 118
7.1.1 Paribas 119
7.1.2 Smith Barney 119
7.1.3 National Institutes of Health 120
7.1.4 Microsoft 121
7.1.5 3COM 122
7.2 Multimedia Protocols and Formats 123
7.2.1 Multimedia Codecs 126
7.2.2 Real-Time Protocol and Real-Time-Control Protocol (RTP and RTCP) 127
7.2.3 Quality of Service, Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), and Flows 131
7.2.4 Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) 135
7.2.5 Multimedia File Formats 136
7.2.6 Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) 138
7.3 Conclusions 139

CHAPTER 8: RELIABLE MULTICAST APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY

8.1 Data-Only Real-Time Applications 144
8.2 Non-Real-Time Applications 146
8.3 Case Studies 146
8.3.1 A Major Telephone Carrier 147
8.3.2 3Com 148
8.3.3 Toys "R" Us 149
8.3.4 The Ohio Company 150
8.3.5 THE BOX 151
8.3.6 General Motors 152
8.4 Reliable Multicast Protocols -- Requirements and Examples 153
8.4.1 Brief Review of TCP 155
8.4.2 Existing Reliable Multicast Protocols and Design Philosophies 159
8.4.2.1 Generalized Reliable Multicast Protocols 161
8.4.2.1.1 Scalable Reliable Multicast (SRM) 162
8.4.2.1.2 Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (RMTP/RMTP1) 164
8.4.2.1.3 Pretty Good Multicast (PGM) 167
8.4.2.2 Specialized Reliable Multicast Protocols 171
8.4.2.2.1 Reliable Adaptive Multicast Protocol (RAMP) 171
8.4.2.2.2 TIBCO 173
8.4.2.2.3 Multicast File Transfer Protocol (MFTP) 173
8.5 Research Activities and Topics in Reliable Multicast 178
8.5.1 Forward Error Correction (FEC) Techniques 182
8.5.1.1 Erasure Correction 182
8.5.1.2 Layering Using FEC for Congestion Control 183
8.5.2 Bulk Feedback 185
8.5.3 Optimized Local Repair 185
8.6 Summary and Conclusions 188

CHAPTER 9: THE CREATION OF GROUPS

9.1 The IETF MMUSIC Group Conferencing Architecture 196
9.1.1 Session Announcement Protocol (SAP) and Session Description Protocol (SDP) 198
9.1.2 Session Invitation Protocol (SIP) 200
9.2 MFTP Group Creation 201
9.2.1 MFTP Announce/Registration and Completion Phases 202
9.2.1.1 Closed Groups 202
9.2.1.2 Open Limited and Unlimited Groups 206
9.3 TIBCO’s Publish/Subscribe and Subject-Based Addressing 207
9.4 Conclusions 208

CHAPTER 10: SECURITY SYSTEMS APPLIED TO MULTICAST APPLICATIONS

10.1 Multicast Applications Needing Security 213
10.1.1 Collaborative Applications 213
10.1.2 Multimedia Streaming Applications 213
10.1.3 Data Streaming Applications 214
10.1.4 Bulk Data Transfer Applications 214
10.2 Malicious Attacks Using Multicast 215
10.3 Brief Review of Security Technology 215
10.3.1 Message Digests and Hash Functions 219
10.3.2 Key Management 220
10.4 Firewalls 223
10.5 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 226
10.6 IPsec 228
10.7 The Group Key Management Problem 229
10.8 Conclusions 230

CHAPTER 11: BARRIERS TO DEPLOYMENT

11.1 Reluctance to Change Today’s Networks 233
11.1.1 Private Network Barriers 236
11.1.2 Public Network Barriers 237
11.1.2.1 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 238
11.1.2.2 The Internet 239
11.2 Conclusions 240

CHAPTER 12: MUSINGS AND PROGNOSTICATIONS --WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD?

12.1 Short-Term Trends 244
12.1.1 Relative Costs of Storage and Bandwidth 244
12.1.2 The Conversion of the Broadcast Industry from Analog to Digital 246
12.1.3 Diminishing Costs for Remote Equipment for Wireless Transmission 246
12.1.4 The Continuing Explosion of the Internet 247
12.1.5 Greater Distribution for Organizations 247
12.1.6 Outsourcing of WAN Network Services 247
12.2 Long-Term Trends 248
12.2.1 Huge Projects to Add High-Speed Wireless Data Infrastructures 248
12.2.2 Continued Internet Growth Fueled by Voice Traffic 248
12.3 What Are the Implications for Multicast? 249

Glossary 251
Index 261